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  * **synapse** 
  * **Jonathan Haack**
  * **Haack's Networking**
  * **webmaster@haacksnetworking.org** 

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//synapse//      

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This tutorial is for users of Debian GNU/Linux who want to create their own synapse/matrix instance. The  [[https://matrix-org.github.io/synapse/latest/setup/installation.html|official documentation]] was solid and the Hack Liberty tutorial at https://docs.hackliberty.org/books/self-hosted-services/page/how-to-install-matrix-synapse-on-debian-11 (now taken down) tutorial had many great insights. Let me step you through what I did. First, the prerequisites are to set up A records for your domains, and adjust to your needs. I established gnulinux.club (tld of host), matrix.gnulinux.club (home server), element.gnulinux.club (element website), and jitsi.gnulinux.club (used for video rooms). After those cached, I then shelled into my VM and established ufw rules for ssh, http, https, matrix, and jitsi:

  sudo ufw allow 22                
  sudo ufw allow 80               
  sudo ufw allow 443                               
  sudo ufw allow 8448              
  sudo ufw allow 10000/udp
  sudo ufw allow 3478/udp
  sudo ufw allow 5349/tcp  

You should also make sure that you have [[https://wiki.haacksnetworking.org/doku.php?id=computing:fail2ban|fail2ban]] installed and configured before proceeding. I would also recommend hardening your [[https://wiki.haacksnetworking.org/doku.php?id=computing:ssh|sshd_config]] file. Once those prerequisites are done, let's install nginx web server:

  sudo apt install nginx
  cd /etc/nginx/sites-enabled
  cp default gnulinux.club
  cp default matrix.gnulinux.club
  cp default element.gnulinux.club
  
You will notice that I did not create a server block for jitsi becuase it's installer script will take care of this automatically later on. Once these are created, delete everything in the block file except the [[https://repo.haacksnetworking.org/haacknet/haackingclub/-/blob/main/configs/webservers/nginx/http-block?ref_type=heads|basic http block]] and make some small edits:

  nano /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/gnulinux.club
  <server_name gnulinux.club;>
  <root /var/www/gnulinux.club/;>

The matrix.gnulinux.club block needs to have the proxy_pass directive set. To limit confusion, I have just provided the config directly. Also, note that web root is irrelevant for this block because it will not be serving any files directly but is merely sending requests back to matrix/localhost on port 8008. 
  
  nano /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/matrix.gnulinux.club

[[https://repo.haacksnetworking.org/haacknet/haackingclub/-/blob/main/configs/webservers/nginx/nginx-matrix.gnulinux.club?ref_type=heads|matrix.gnulinux.club]]
  
As for the element.gnulinux.club block (adjusted for your domain, of course), make sure to add a directory to the end of the block directory itself. This will help later when upgrades to Element come out, because you can just re-symlink the new update. We will do the symlink later when installing the package, for now:

  nano /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/element.gnulinux.club
  <server_name element.gnulinux.club;>
  <root /var/www/element.gnulinux.club/element/;>
  systemctl restart nginx
  
Conduct a url request on gnulinux.club (adjusted for you) to ensure that your domain resolves and nginx is functioning properly. Once that's confirmed, we can now set up Let's Encrypt certs:

  sudo apt install python3-certbot-nginx
  certbot --nginx -d gnulinux.club -d matrix.gnulinux.club -d element.gnulinux.club

Conduct another url request on gnulinux.club (adjusted for you) to ensure that your domain now has the TLS lock and redirected properly. Once that's setup, it is now time to install the matrix-synapse-py3 server. Always check the official documentation page for this, but as of this installation, that was done as follows:

  sudo apt install -y lsb-release wget apt-transport-https
  sudo wget -O /usr/share/keyrings/matrix-org-archive-keyring.gpg https://packages.matrix.org/debian/matrix-org-archive-keyring.gpg
  echo "deb [signed-by=/usr/share/keyrings/matrix-org-archive-keyring.gpg] https://packages.matrix.org/debian/ $(lsb_release -cs) main" | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/matrix-org.list
  sudo apt update
  sudo apt install matrix-synapse-py3
  <name of the server: gnulinux.club>
  <report statistics yes>
  
Verify that the matrix-synapse server is running with ''ps -aux | grep synapse'' and then move on to federating the server. To federate the server, you can either create a srv DNS record, or leverage .well-known. I chose the latter, and did the following:

  mkdir -p /var/www/gnulinux.club/.well-known/matrix
  cd /var/www/gnulinux.club/.well-known/matrix/
  nano server
  <{ "m.server": "matrix.gnulinux.club:443" }>
  
Once that's created, run curl and make sure the output matches what you specified in the server file:

  curl -L https://gnulinux.club/.well-known/matrix/server
  { "m.server": "matrix.gnulinux.club:443" }

As long as that functions, you can now move on to installing Element. That involves making a web root directory of the server block, creating a dedicated user that owns and downloads the latest package (always check official release page), symlinking the current package to the location specified in the server block, and lastly configuring the config.json file for your domain and particular instance. Here goes:

  mkdir /var/www/element.gnulinux.club/
  cd /var/www/elemenet.gnulinux.club/
  sudo useradd -m elementweb
  <password>
  sudo --user elementweb wget https://github.com/vector-im/element-web/releases/download/v1.10.12/element-v1.10.12.tar.gz
  sudo --user elementweb tar -xvf element-v1.10.12.tar.gz
  rm element-v1.10.12.tar.gz
  cd /var/www/element.gnulinux.club/
  ln -s element-v1.10.12/ element
  cd /var/www/element.gnulinux.club/element
  cp config-sample.json config.json
  nano config.json
  <"base_url": "https://matrix.gnulinux.club",>
  <"server_name": "gnulinux.club">

Once Element is installed, you need to enable registration. Matrix no longer allows unchallenged / non-tokened registration without an explicit override, so after seeing how involved token auth was, I added a [[https://developers.google.com/recaptcha/|Google Captcha v2]] instead.

  sudo nano /etc/matrix-synapse/homserver.yaml
  enable_registration: true [needs to be disabled when creating the db users from command line]
  enable_registration_captcha: true
  recaptcha_public_key: "yourmomspublickey"
  recaptcha_private_key: "yourdadsprivatekey" #On Google, Turn verify origin off
  registration_shared_secret: "yourcousinssharedsecret"
  federation_client_minimum_tls_version: 1.2
  
At this stage, you could theoretically add a user through the web GUI, however the instance is still using sqlite3 and I preferred something more robust. For that reason, I waited and first created a proper database and dedicated database user, both for scaling and hardening purposes:

  sudo apt install postgresql
  sudo -u postgres bash
  createuser --pwprompt synapseusr
  createdb --encoding=UTF8 --locale=C --template=template0 --owner=synapseusr synapsedb
  exit

After recording the password you specified, make sure to configure ''homeserver.yaml'' to use the database instead of the default sqlite3 one.

  sudo nano /etc/matrix-synapse/homeserver.yaml
  <database:>
  <name: psycopg2>
  <txn_limit: 10000>
  <args:>
    <user: synapseusr>
    <password: mommalovesU>
    <database: synapsedb>
    <host: localhost>
    <port: 5432>
    <cp_min: 5>
    <cp_max: 10>

After creating the database, inform synapse of how to reach it in the ''pg_hba.conf'' file as follows:

  nano /etc/postgresql/13/main/pg_hba.conf
  <host    synapsedb     synapseusr    ::1/128     md5>
  sudo systemctl reload postgresql

Check that the configuration you established is functioning by restarting the service with ''systemctl restart matrix-synapse''. As long as everything is functioning, you can now create an admin user. Temporarily comment out user registration on ''/etc/matrix-synapse/homeserver.yaml'' and restart the service again ''systemctl restart matrix-synapse'' in order to create the user. Note: the user creation will fail if you do not do this.

  sudo -u postgres bash
  register_new_matrix_user -c /etc/matrix-synapse/homeserver.yaml http://localhost:8008
  
Record the password you chose in a safe location, and then uncomment the user registration on ''/etc/matrix-synapse/homeserver.yaml'' again and once again restart the service ''systemctl restart matrix-synapse''. This is required because you cannot manually create users while the ''enable_registration: true'' parameter is active. Likely, you will now want to also create a non-admin user for yourself, and the webgui is very convenient for this so just visit element.gnulinux.club and then register. Once you log in, make sure that you can access federated instances, spaces, and rooms. The last thing we need to do is add the ability for the server to send emails so users can recover accounts when needed via email. To do that, first make sure you have a working email server. Please note that an incoming (IMAP) server is not needed, only outgoing (smtp/MTA). Once that is setup, add the following lines to your ''/etc/matrix-synapse/homeserver.yaml'' configuration:

  sudo nano /etc/matrix-synapse/homeserver.yaml
  <public_baseurl: "https://matrix.gnulinux.club">
  <email:>
    <smtp_host: haacksnetworking.org>
    <smpt_port: 25>
    <notif_from: "admin@gnulinux.club">
    <require_transport_security: true>

Again, note that there is no need to set up an incoming email server nor tolerate spam on the server you are sending to. In my case, my smtp server / MTA is a relay/MTA (only) with domains that are allowed to send through it explicitly white listed. Now that email is up, let's tweak the upload settings so that people can upload images that are larger than a megabyte and have reasonable purge directives:

  sudo nano /etc/matrix-synapse/homeserver.yaml
  <max_upload_size: 1000M>
  <dynamic_thumbnails: true>
  <media_retention:>
      <local_media_lifetime: 90d>
      <remote_media_lifetime: 14d>
      
After this, your config should look something like this [[https://repo.haacksnetworking.org/haacknet/haackingclub/-/blob/main/configs/synapse/homeserver.yaml?ref_type=heads|example homeserver.yaml]]. Also, make sure to add the following line of code within each nginx http server block:
  
  <client_max_body_size 1000M;>

Alright, so now it's time to carry on with setting up jitsi. Again, as with element and matrix, always check the [[https://jitsi.github.io/handbook/docs/devops-guide/devops-guide-quickstart/|official documentation]] for the latest releases/gpg keys, etc.:

  curl https://download.jitsi.org/jitsi-key.gpg.key | sudo sh -c 'gpg --dearmor > /usr/share/keyrings/jitsi-keyring.gpg'
  echo 'deb [signed-by=/usr/share/keyrings/jitsi-keyring.gpg] https://download.jitsi.org stable/' | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/jitsi-stable.list > /dev/null
  sudo apt update
  sudo apt install jitsi-meet
  <enter domain jitsi.gnulinux.club>
  <generate self-signed>
  
Once the install finishes, let's create let's encrypt using the official script from Jitsi, which will automatically configure a turn server and create a server block in nginx for us:

  /usr/share/jitsi-meet/scripts/install-letsencrypt-cert.sh
  
We now need to configure Element to use jitsi, which we do as follows:

  nano /var/www/element.gnulinux.club/element/config.json
  <"preferredDomain": "jitsi.gnulinux.club">
  systemctl restart matrix-synapse
  
You can verify that jitsi is working by ''ps -aux | jitsi'' and then visit jitsi.gnulinux.club (adjusted for your domain) to verify you can create and join a new meeting. Additionally, you can navigate to ''etc/turnserver.conf'' to see the entries jitsi created and likewise verify the server block it created at ''/etc/nginx/sites-enabled/jitsi.gnulinux.club''. To upgrade, find the latest release, and download it:

  https://github.com/element-hq/element-web/releases
  wget https://github.com/element-hq/element-web/releases/download/v1.11.55/element-v1.11.55.tar.gz
  tar -xvf element-v1.11.55.tar.gz
  cd /var/www/gnulinux.club/element
  cp -ar config.json ../
  ln -s element-v1.10.12/ element
  
Make sure to have .well-knowns established for client and support as well:
  
  sudo touch /var/www/gnulinux.club/.well-known/matrix/client
  
With the following:
  
  {
    "m.homeserver": {
        "base_url": "https://matrix.gnulinux.club"
    }
  }
  
Also identify support:
  
  sudo touch /var/www/gnulinux.club/.well-known/matrix/support

With the following:

  {"contacts": [{"matrix_id": "@oemb1905:gnulinux.club", "email_address": "webmaster@haacksnetworking.org","club.gnulinux.phone_number": "+13105651874", "role": "m.role.admin"}],"support_page": "https://gnulinux.club/code-conduct.pdf"}

Finally, make sure that browsers don't download these by adding a location to your TLD block:

  location /.well-known/matrix {
    allow all;
    add_header access-control-allow-origin *;
    add_header content-type application/json;
  }

More updates below when they come.

 --- //[[alerts@haacksnetworking.org|oemb1905]] 2025/04/17 20:38//
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